Guidebook for Naniwa-ku, Ōsaka-shi
Sightseeing
Japan's first full-fledged Buddhist temple, constructed 1,400 years ago by Shotokutaishi. The Tennoji-bugaku (dance) of the temple is one of Japan's significant intangible folk cultural assets.
1112 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Σιτεννότζι
1-chōme-1-11-18 ShitennōjiJapan's first full-fledged Buddhist temple, constructed 1,400 years ago by Shotokutaishi. The Tennoji-bugaku (dance) of the temple is one of Japan's significant intangible folk cultural assets.
A retro downtown area of southern Osaka, famous for Tsutenkaku, Janjan Yokocho Alley and a giant blowfish lantern sign.
834 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Σινσεκάι
Ebisuhigashi-8-2 Chome Naniwa WardA retro downtown area of southern Osaka, famous for Tsutenkaku, Janjan Yokocho Alley and a giant blowfish lantern sign.
A symbol of Naniwa, also known as the Eiffel Tower of Osaka. On the 5th floor, there is an observatory with a view of Osaka.
2055 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Τσουτενκάκου
1-chōme-18-6 EbisuhigashiA symbol of Naniwa, also known as the Eiffel Tower of Osaka. On the 5th floor, there is an observatory with a view of Osaka.
Αμπένο Χαρούκας
1-chōme-1-43 AbenosujiAbeno Harukas, the tallest building in Japan.
Running through the center of the Minami area (southern downtown Osaka), the Dotombori River is one of the most famous waterways in Osaka.
63 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Tombori River walk
Dōtonbori-1-chōme-1 Chuo WardRunning through the center of the Minami area (southern downtown Osaka), the Dotombori River is one of the most famous waterways in Osaka.
Japan's longest shopping street stretches approx. 2.6 km to the north from Tenjimbashi to Tenjinbashi-Suji 7-chome.
540 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Tenjinbashisuji Shopping Street
6-chōme-7-Tenjinbashi Kita WardJapan's longest shopping street stretches approx. 2.6 km to the north from Tenjimbashi to Tenjinbashi-Suji 7-chome.
Dotombori Glico Sign
Glico man
Ντοτονμπόρι
Dotonbori-9-1 Chome Chuo WardShopping and restaurant area.
空堀商店街 Karahori walker
6-chōme-14-14 TanimachiUmeda Sky Building
1-chōme-1-88 ŌyodonakaThe head of more than 2,300 Sumiyoshi shrines nationwide and the most popular shrine in Osaka for New Year's visits.
348 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Sumiyoshi Taisha, Kisshōden
Sumiyoshi-2-chōme-9 Sumiyoshi WardThe head of more than 2,300 Sumiyoshi shrines nationwide and the most popular shrine in Osaka for New Year's visits.
The Ikkyu Onsen, located near Universal Studios Japan, uses 100 percent natural hot spring water.
104 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
上方温泉一休癒の間
5-chōme-9-31 TorishimaThe Ikkyu Onsen, located near Universal Studios Japan, uses 100 percent natural hot spring water.
Built with a breathtaking view of the sea, ATC has many showrooms of furniture, interior goods, housing equipment, as well as outlet malls and game arcades.
154 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
ATC - Asia-Pacific Trade Center
2-chōme-1-10 NankōkitaBuilt with a breathtaking view of the sea, ATC has many showrooms of furniture, interior goods, housing equipment, as well as outlet malls and game arcades.
The former Suntory Museum was renamed as the Osaka Culturarium at Tempozan in 2013. Exhibitions of various kinds are displayed in the gallery.
135 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Osaka Culturarium Tempozan
1-chōme-5-10 KaigandōriThe former Suntory Museum was renamed as the Osaka Culturarium at Tempozan in 2013. Exhibitions of various kinds are displayed in the gallery.
Entertainment & Activities
The third zoo to be built in Japan, with a history of more than 90 years. The natural living environments are reproduced in the African Savanna Zone and the elephant barn, among others.
3058 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ζωολογικός Κήπος Οσάκα Τέννοτζι
1-108 ChausuyamachōThe third zoo to be built in Japan, with a history of more than 90 years. The natural living environments are reproduced in the African Savanna Zone and the elephant barn, among others.
Universal Studios Japan®, covering a wide spectrum of entertainment through thrilling rides and shows themed on blockbuster Hollywood movies, as well as seasonal events, is a world-class theme park.
4440 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Universal Studios Japan
SakurajimaUniversal Studios Japan®, covering a wide spectrum of entertainment through thrilling rides and shows themed on blockbuster Hollywood movies, as well as seasonal events, is a world-class theme park.
Be surprised by the huge whale shark. Smile at the drifting jellyfish. Various wonders of the sea are displayed in the tanks.
1923 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ενυδρείο Καϊγιούκαν της Οσάκα
1-chōme-1-10 KaigandōriBe surprised by the huge whale shark. Smile at the drifting jellyfish. Various wonders of the sea are displayed in the tanks.
Located at the center of Umeda, this facility boasts a huge red ferris wheel that's become the symbol of this commercial complex.
703 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Hep Five
5-15 KakudachōLocated at the center of Umeda, this facility boasts a huge red ferris wheel that's become the symbol of this commercial complex.
Arima Onsen
Arimachō Kita WardVery famous hot spring spot in Kansai region.
A full-sized intellectual entertainment space for everyone, from children to adults.
87 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Knowledge Capital
3-1 ŌfukachōA full-sized intellectual entertainment space for everyone, from children to adults.
This is a multi-purpose hall of a type that is rare in Japan, being constructed in the piloti style (elevated-floor style using special beams).
69 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Morinomiya Piloti Hall
1-chōme-17-5 MorinomiyachūōThis is a multi-purpose hall of a type that is rare in Japan, being constructed in the piloti style (elevated-floor style using special beams).
A theater for performing arts, mainly for kabuki but including musicals and many other forms. There are many excellent restaurants with various specialties in the basement.
352 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Osaka Shochikuza
A theater for performing arts, mainly for kabuki but including musicals and many other forms. There are many excellent restaurants with various specialties in the basement.
A hub of stand-up comedy culture, proudly presented by Yoshimoto Kogyo. Come experience entertainment provided by a wide variety of Yoshimoto comedians.
1331 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Νανμπά Γκραντ Καγκέτσου
11-6 NanbasennichimaeA hub of stand-up comedy culture, proudly presented by Yoshimoto Kogyo. Come experience entertainment provided by a wide variety of Yoshimoto comedians.
Parks & Nature
Known as Ebessan, an Ebisu shrine of Osaka that provides prosperity, worshipped for business success. Approximately one million people visit on Tooka Ebisu (festival around January 10th).
468 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ιεροσυλλογικό Ιμαμία Εμπίσου
Ebisunishi-1-chōme-6 Naniwa WardKnown as Ebessan, an Ebisu shrine of Osaka that provides prosperity, worshipped for business success. Approximately one million people visit on Tooka Ebisu (festival around January 10th).
The head of more than 2,300 Sumiyoshi shrines nationwide and the most popular shrine in Osaka for New Year's visits.
15 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Temple Sumiyoshi
7-13-9 IkutamachōThe head of more than 2,300 Sumiyoshi shrines nationwide and the most popular shrine in Osaka for New Year's visits.
A multi-purpose arena with a maximum capacity of 16,000, built to commemorate the 400th anniversary since the construction of Osaka Castle.
3465 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Πάρκο Κάστρου Οσάκα
Ōsakajō-1 Chuo WardA multi-purpose arena with a maximum capacity of 16,000, built to commemorate the 400th anniversary since the construction of Osaka Castle.
A lush garden offering a view of the castle tower across the moat. In spring, some 600 cherry trees in full bloom attract many viewers.
39 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Κήπος Νισινομάρου
Ōsakajō-2 Chuo WardA lush garden offering a view of the castle tower across the moat. In spring, some 600 cherry trees in full bloom attract many viewers.
A park with a rose garden and zelkova-lined street as well as a Tennis Center that hosts international competitions.
461 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Πάρκο Ουτσούμπο
2-chōme-1-4 UtsubohonmachiA park with a rose garden and zelkova-lined street as well as a Tennis Center that hosts international competitions.
Known by the nickname Tenma-no-Tenjin-san. Enshrines Sugawara-no-Michizane, the god of learning. Famous for the Tenjin Festival held every year on July 24th and 25th.
499 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ναός Τεμμάνγκου της Οσάκα
2-chōme-1-8 TenjinbashiKnown by the nickname Tenma-no-Tenjin-san. Enshrines Sugawara-no-Michizane, the god of learning. Famous for the Tenjin Festival held every year on July 24th and 25th.
Πάρκο Tennōji
5-55 ChausuyamachōTennoji park
A well-known bridge in Osaka, commonly called the "Lion Bridge." It is noted for its classical lampposts. It also features grand stone steps leading to Nakanoshima Park.
74 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Naniwa Bridge
Nakanoshima-1-chōme-1 Kita WardA well-known bridge in Osaka, commonly called the "Lion Bridge." It is noted for its classical lampposts. It also features grand stone steps leading to Nakanoshima Park.
One of the best-known parks in Osaka, with much history. There are many must-sees within the park, including a Japanese garden, a kofun (burial mound), an art museum, a water square and a rose arch.
3058 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ζωολογικός Κήπος Οσάκα Τέννοτζι
1-108 ChausuyamachōOne of the best-known parks in Osaka, with much history. There are many must-sees within the park, including a Japanese garden, a kofun (burial mound), an art museum, a water square and a rose arch.
Shopping
A shopping mall with Kansai's first SHIBUYA109 ABENO collection of fashion brands popular among girls in their teens and 20s.
316 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Abeno Q's Mall
1-chōme-6-1 AbenosujiA shopping mall with Kansai's first SHIBUYA109 ABENO collection of fashion brands popular among girls in their teens and 20s.
A commercial complex targeting young women standing next to the Kintetsu Department Store of Abenobashi.
319 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Tennoji Mio Plaza
10-39 HideninchōA commercial complex targeting young women standing next to the Kintetsu Department Store of Abenobashi.
Rinku Outlet station
The largest outlet shopping center in western Japan.
The mall is lined with popular brand-name stores selling women's, men's and kid's wear, sports equipment and outdoor gear.
99 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
MITSUI OUTLET PARK OSAKA TSURUMI
2-chōme-7-70 MattaōmiyaThe mall is lined with popular brand-name stores selling women's, men's and kid's wear, sports equipment and outdoor gear.
A glorious food marketplace with 180 wholesale and retail shops.
2932 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Kuromon Market
Nipponbashi-1-chōme-16 Chuo WardA glorious food marketplace with 180 wholesale and retail shops.
This department store is housed in a massive neo-gothic style building designed by Vories.
794 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Daimaru Shinsaibashi
1-chōme-7-1 ShinsaibashisujiThis department store is housed in a massive neo-gothic style building designed by Vories.
A long-established department store with branches located around the world.
829 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Takashimaya Osaka Store
5-chōme-1-5 NanbaA long-established department store with branches located around the world.
Shinsaibashi Bigstep
1-chōme-4-3 NishishinsaibashiA landmark entertainment building of America Mura.
Famous brand name shops are concentrated in the crossing section of Midosuji and Nagahori Dori.
1409 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Λεωφόρος Αγορών Shinsaibashi-suji
2-chōme-2-22 ShinsaibashisujiFamous brand name shops are concentrated in the crossing section of Midosuji and Nagahori Dori.
A 20,000 sq. meter appliance store with approx. 800,000 items from appliances to books to toys.
518 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Yamada Denki LABI1 Namba
2-chōme-11-35 NanbanakaA 20,000 sq. meter appliance store with approx. 800,000 items from appliances to books to toys.
UNIQLO Shinsaibashi
1-chōme-2-17 ShinsaibashisujiWorld famous Japanese clothing retail
The biggest discount shop group in Japan, Don Quijote! To come visit Dotonbori-ten, try to find the landmark of Osaka Minami - the yellow ferris wheel!
1472 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Don Quijote Dotombori
7-13 SouemonchōThe biggest discount shop group in Japan, Don Quijote! To come visit Dotonbori-ten, try to find the landmark of Osaka Minami - the yellow ferris wheel!
One of Japan's largest department stores in its class covering a total area of 84,000 square meters.
797 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Hankyu Umeda Honten
8-7 KakudachōOne of Japan's largest department stores in its class covering a total area of 84,000 square meters.
A shopping center located at the terminal building of Hankyu Umeda Station.
152 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Hankyu Sanban Gai
1-chōme-1-3 ShibataA shopping center located at the terminal building of Hankyu Umeda Station.
A popular discount store selling a huge range of electrical devices.
671 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Yodobashi Camera Multimedia Umeda
1-1 ŌfukachōA popular discount store selling a huge range of electrical devices.
Umeda Loft offers a wide variety of merchandise, from small items to large interior goods.
272 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Umeda Loft
16-7 ChayamachiUmeda Loft offers a wide variety of merchandise, from small items to large interior goods.
Grand Front Osaka in four towers opened on the north side of Osaka Station in April 2013, consisting of 266 shops and restaurants and offering walkability to Osaka's waterfront.
1198 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Grand Front Osaka
4-Ofukacho Kita WardGrand Front Osaka in four towers opened on the north side of Osaka Station in April 2013, consisting of 266 shops and restaurants and offering walkability to Osaka's waterfront.
Stretching under eastern Osaka Station of JR line east to west, EST offers shops for young women from teens to the late twenties.
83 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Est
3-25 KakudachōStretching under eastern Osaka Station of JR line east to west, EST offers shops for young women from teens to the late twenties.
An Umeda landmark offering a range of shops and entertainment venues.
171 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Herbis Plaza / Herbis Plaza Ent
2-chōme-2-22 UmedaAn Umeda landmark offering a range of shops and entertainment venues.
E-ma
1-chōme-12-6 UmedaA fashion hot spot boasting a wide selection of fine boutiques.
IKEA Tsuruhama
2-chōme-24-55 TsurumachiSwedish home furnishing company. IKEA
This underground mall of Umeda is built to recreate the streets of Europe, with a bright and open design.
ディアモールストリートマーケット
Umeda-1-chōme-9 Kita WardThis underground mall of Umeda is built to recreate the streets of Europe, with a bright and open design.
Chayamachi is the Osaka Kita area's most popular downtown district for young people. There is an array of shops, including eateries, amusement spaces, variety shops, and boutiques.
38 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Chayamachi
Chayamachi is the Osaka Kita area's most popular downtown district for young people. There is an array of shops, including eateries, amusement spaces, variety shops, and boutiques.
Various brands from Tokyo, Osaka, and from overseas can all be found at this mall.
360 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Namba Marui
3-chōme-8-9 NanbaVarious brands from Tokyo, Osaka, and from overseas can all be found at this mall.
The biggest discount shop group in Japan, Don Quijote! To come visit Dotonbori-ten, try to find the landmark of Osaka Minami - the yellow ferris wheel!
575 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Don Quijote
2-chōme-5-9 NishishinsaibashiThe biggest discount shop group in Japan, Don Quijote! To come visit Dotonbori-ten, try to find the landmark of Osaka Minami - the yellow ferris wheel!
A new fashion building on Shinsaibashi-suji Street. This conspicuous building houses a variety of stores ranging from fashion clothing to cafés and restaurants.
69 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
ラ・ポルト心斎橋
2-3-23 ShinsaibashisujiA new fashion building on Shinsaibashi-suji Street. This conspicuous building houses a variety of stores ranging from fashion clothing to cafés and restaurants.
Largest daily sundries shop in Kansai, with everything from crafty items to everyday goods.
406 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
東急ハンズ Tokyu Hands
1-chōme-8-3 ShinsaibashisujiLargest daily sundries shop in Kansai, with everything from crafty items to everyday goods.
Huge underground shopping mall in Umeda with more than 200 shops.
123 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Whity Umeda
7-Komatsubarachō Kita WardHuge underground shopping mall in Umeda with more than 200 shops.
An iconic department store that reopened in the spring of 2011 with more on offer.
319 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Daimaru Museum Umeda
3-chōme-1-1 UmedaAn iconic department store that reopened in the spring of 2011 with more on offer.
TOWER RECORDS
1-chōme-2-30 AbenosujiDrinks & Nightlife
The UFO-shaped dome with nine stories above ground and one underground hosts baseball games and concerts. There are also restaurants and shops.
28 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
京セラドーム
The UFO-shaped dome with nine stories above ground and one underground hosts baseball games and concerts. There are also restaurants and shops.
The largest standing-room live hall in western Japan, where many high-profile artists perform
102 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Zepp Namba
2-chōme-1-39 ShikitsuhigashiThe largest standing-room live hall in western Japan, where many high-profile artists perform
Namba Hatch is a club presenting various genres of live music, such as rock, jazz, soul and hiphop.
166 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Namba Hatch
1-chōme-3-1 MinatomachiNamba Hatch is a club presenting various genres of live music, such as rock, jazz, soul and hiphop.
High-class nightlife district, representative of the Kita area of Osaka, that has thrived as an information exchange location for businessmen.
175 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Kitashinchi Station
1-3-1 梅田High-class nightlife district, representative of the Kita area of Osaka, that has thrived as an information exchange location for businessmen.
スポタカ心斎橋BIGSTEP本店
1-chōme-6-14 Nishishinsaibashibars and clubs
minatomachi river place
1-chōme-3-1 Minatomachiriver cafe
Sam and Dave One
2-chōme-7-20 HigashishinsaibashiThis high-quality commercial district includes exquisite brand name shops, gourmet restaurants and sophisticated venues.
74 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Hilton Osaka
1-chōme-8-8 UmedaThis high-quality commercial district includes exquisite brand name shops, gourmet restaurants and sophisticated venues.
Arts & Culture
A museum researching and introducing the history of Osaka, built on the ruins of Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki-no-miya with a history of more than 1,350 years.
979 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Μουσείο Ιστορίας της Οσάκα
4-chōme-1-32 ŌtemaeA museum researching and introducing the history of Osaka, built on the ruins of Naniwa Nagara Toyosaki-no-miya with a history of more than 1,350 years.
Museum for ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) which mainly houses and displays a collection of popular Kabuki actor prints from the Bunka and Bunsei eras (late in the Edo period).
254 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Kamigata Ukiyoe Museum
1-chōme-6-4 NanbaMuseum for ukiyoe (Japanese woodblock prints) which mainly houses and displays a collection of popular Kabuki actor prints from the Bunka and Bunsei eras (late in the Edo period).
A theater where Bunraku, a traditional art of Japan that has been designated as one of the world's intangible cultural assets, can be enjoyed.
1339 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Εθνικό Θέατρο Bunraku
1-chōme-12-10 NipponbashiA theater where Bunraku, a traditional art of Japan that has been designated as one of the world's intangible cultural assets, can be enjoyed.
About 30 powerful leading corporations and organizations that represent Japan introduce cutting-edge technology related to daily lives in an easy-to-understand manner.
108 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
OSTEC Exhibition Hall
1-chōme-8-4 UtsubohonmachiAbout 30 powerful leading corporations and organizations that represent Japan introduce cutting-edge technology related to daily lives in an easy-to-understand manner.
Owns approximately 2,000 pieces of oriental ceramics, including the Ataka Collection. Of these, two are national treasures, and 13 are important cultural assets.
413 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
The Museum of Oriental Ceramics, Osaka
1-chōme-1-26 NakanoshimaOwns approximately 2,000 pieces of oriental ceramics, including the Ataka Collection. Of these, two are national treasures, and 13 are important cultural assets.
Shiki Theatre Company, Japan's largest theatrical company, whose musicals such as "Cats," "Mamma Mia!" and "The Phantom of the Opera" are highly popular.
52 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Θέατρο Osaka Shiki
2-chōme-2-2-22 UmedaShiki Theatre Company, Japan's largest theatrical company, whose musicals such as "Cats," "Mamma Mia!" and "The Phantom of the Opera" are highly popular.
An arena theater hall seating 1,704, specifically designed for classical concerts.
158 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Συμφωνική Αίθουσα
2-chōme-3-3 ŌyodominamiAn arena theater hall seating 1,704, specifically designed for classical concerts.
This Osaka Prefectural museum collects, conserves and exhibits materials and documents on Kamigata (the old name of the Kyoto-Osaka area) comedy and performing arts.
70 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Osaka Prefectural Museum of Kamigata Comedy and Performing Arts Wahha Kamigata
12-7 NanbasennichimaeThis Osaka Prefectural museum collects, conserves and exhibits materials and documents on Kamigata (the old name of the Kyoto-Osaka area) comedy and performing arts.
Food Scene
An area located in the busy district of Minami, but still retaining the tranquil Naniwa atmosphere.
212 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Ναός Χοσέν-τζι
An area located in the busy district of Minami, but still retaining the tranquil Naniwa atmosphere.
551 Horai is one of the most popular barbecue pork bun stores in Osaka, selling more than 110,000 buns every day.
195 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
551 Horai Ebisubashi honten
3-chōme-6-3 Nanba551 Horai is one of the most popular barbecue pork bun stores in Osaka, selling more than 110,000 buns every day.
A popular underground shopping in the center of Minami with around 270 shops.
324 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Namba Walk
1 Chome-3-Sennichimae Chuo WardA popular underground shopping in the center of Minami with around 270 shops.
A 730m-long underground shopping strip stretching from Sakaisuji to Yotsubashi suji.
129 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Crysta Nagahori
Minamisenba-4-chōme-1 Chuo WardA 730m-long underground shopping strip stretching from Sakaisuji to Yotsubashi suji.
An old establishment that sells traditional Japanese sweets. The popular "Shikino kokoro" is a sweet bean jelly made of finest red bean.
北國銀行 大阪支店
4-chōme-4-7 ImabashiAn old establishment that sells traditional Japanese sweets. The popular "Shikino kokoro" is a sweet bean jelly made of finest red bean.
This old establishment, founded in the 1500s, is located near Koraibashi Bridge. The shop was originally at the entrance of the castle of Yamato Koriyama, which is where it gets its name.
46 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Kikuya confectionary
2-chōme-2-12 KōraibashiThis old establishment, founded in the 1500s, is located near Koraibashi Bridge. The shop was originally at the entrance of the castle of Yamato Koriyama, which is where it gets its name.
McDonald's OCAT Mall
1-chōme-4-1 MinatomachiDotombori Kamukura Dotombori
ramen noodles
Mos Burger
1-chōme-2-2 UmedaStarbucks
2-chōme-2-3 NanbaAn area located in the busy district of Minami, but still retaining the tranquil Naniwa atmosphere.
551 ντόπιοι το προτείνουν
Hozenji Yokocho street
2 Chome-7-21 HigashishinsaibashiAn area located in the busy district of Minami, but still retaining the tranquil Naniwa atmosphere.